Gender Portrayal Of Rock Climbing Essay - 1722 Words

Introduction In this paper, I would like to examine how gender is portrayed in rock climbing. I would like to find out if genders are sexualized, objectified or shown differently. I would also like to see if there is any transgender or transsexual representation in the sport of rock climbing. Transgender is an umbrella term for a range of people who do not fit into normative constructions of sex and gender (Ravelli, Webber, 2016), and a transsexual person is someone who undergoes sex reassignment (Ravelli, Webber, 2016). I am defining gender as: social distinctions between masculinity and feminity (Ravelli, Webber, 2016). I will be looking primarily for under-representation (and therefore- over-representation) of either gender as well as themes of hegemonic masculinity and emphasized feminity. These are the current social gender ideals to many people in Western societies that both gender should strive for. Hegemonic masculinity in sports could look like muscular, shirtless men performing difficult athletic tasks and being paid for it, because they are a professional athlete. Emphasized feminity would look like a female athlete in sparse clothing, taking part in a women’s activity (for example: horrible emphasized feminity would be many photos of women only supporting climbers rather than climbing). She would be perceived as attractive to men, but not strong and respectable as an athlete or competitor. These gender influences have been placed upon infants depending on theirShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Media On American Culture1832 Words   |  8 Pagesin what they are screening. A certain sho w in particular that is extremely relevant to American culture is the show â€Å"Shameless.† It lives up to its name because there really is no boundary this show won’t cross. This particular show incorporates gender roles, values, important principles, and culture to make a very important impact on American society. Shameless is a series that has been running since 2011 and has been instantly a hit. It was adapted from award winning British television dramaRead MoreThe History of Dance9217 Words   |  37 Pagesor in front with knee bent, usually with one arm raised. Bailatino - a mix of Latin dances with no need for a partner. Baion - A type of slow Samba rhythm from Brazil that became popular in North America during the 50s. balance - A step that rocks from one foot to the other, usually in 3/4 time. balance - (ballroom) ability of the dancer to maintain an upright and controlled position of the body whether in movement or still. Balboa - a form of Swing popularized during the 50s in CaliforniaRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pages............................................... 7 Sacajawea (Mysterious Native American Guide) ....................................................................................... 9 Artists, Authors, and Musicians: Bob Dylan (â€Å"The Prophet of Rock and Roll†) .......................................................................................... 11 Ernest Hemingway (Troubled, brilliant author and war reporter) ............................................................ 13 Frank Lloyd WrightRead MoreIroquois Confederacy9092 Words   |  37 PagesGaniengehaka, or people of the flint country. Their warriors, armed with flint arrows, were known to be overpowering; their enemies called them Mowak, meaning man eaters. The name Oneida means people of the standing stone, referring to a large rock that, according to legend, appeared wherever the people moved, to give them directions. The Onondaga (people of the hills), the Cayuga (where they land the boats), and the Seneca (the people of the big hill) named themselves by describing theirRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pages(1) an executive summary and table of contents; (2) a situation analysis; (3) marketing strategy; (4) financial projections; and (5) implementation controls. Page Ref: 54 Objective: 3 Difficulty: Moderate 121) Hot Topic, a chain that sells rock-band-inspired clothes for teens, recently launched Torrid to give plus-size teens the same fashion options. Identify the three parts of the value delivery process and their function for Hot Topic. Answer: The first phase, choosing the value, represents

Mainali 1. Anjita Mainali. Mr. Mcphatter. English 112.

Mainali 1 Anjita Mainali Mr. McPhatter English 112 17 April 2016 Do you have right? Euthanasia seems a small word but actually is world in itself. It is concerned with the life and death of living creatures. When a person kills another painful person in order to bring him out from the painful situation, then the term is called euthanasia. Euthanasia comes from the Greek words, ‘EU meaning ‘good and ‘THANATOS meaning ‘death . Bringing these together, euthanasia means ‘the good death (Chao). Euthanasia is an act of killing someone in order to relieve their pain. Euthanasia is classified into many ways. It is categorized into three different groups according to whether a person gives informed consent: voluntary, involuntary and†¦show more content†¦According to the study carried out in Flanders in 2007, nearly half of the euthanasia deaths (47%) are not reported and most of the euthanasia is carried out without informed consent. It is immoral to kill people just to relieve their pain. Pain is temporary which will soon go away while death is permanent. No people can come back after they passed away. So taking permanent decision in a temporary painful situation is a foolish act. It is immoral to intentionally end someone’s life in order to relieve his/her pain. It is not just medical ethical problem; it also has psychological, emotional, religious and legal issues. There are a lot of reasons behind every decision that people make. Most of them are forcefully made. Similarly, people who allow ending their life and giving permiss ion to doctor or second person to do so have a lot of psychological and physiological problems. An article talks about a forty year paraplegic wheel-chair user person. According to the article, a person without legs and hands wants to die and euthanasia is especially for those kinds of people who do not have any option left except dying. But a forty year paraplegic wheel-chair user expresses his inner feelings by saying that â€Å"just wait until you are paralyzed.† No any person can understand the person’s feelings until Mainali 3 they have gone through it. People only say that they understand but actually they do not. Being physically disabled and having an incurable

Thought piece Free Essays

We have discussed different learning theories (e. G. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning) in Lecture 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Thought piece or any similar topic only for you Order Now Please derive ONE hypothesis related to any real-life issues based on one of these theories and then design an experiment to test your hypothesis. When you work on this assignment, try to think of and answer the following questions: D what Is your hypothesis? What are your independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DVD)? How will you manipulate your IV (I. E. At is your treatment) and how will you measure your DVD? What are your experimental and control groups? What are the possible confounding variables and how would you control them? How would you decide that your hypothesis/sees have been supported? (I. E. Whether or not your hypothesis is supported by your data)? What may be potential problems with your experiment? How can they be solved? The major goal of this assignment is to apply what you have learned about the key elements of experimental design to real-life situations. You will need to describe the design of an experiment to best test your hypothesis. Please be specific about all of the key elements of your design and also about what results will be consistent or inconsistent with your predictions. Issues like sampling, group assignment, confounding factors etc. Should be considered when designing the experiment. Basically you will not need to read anything extra apart from the textbook and lecture notes for this assignment. Of course if you find it helpful to use ideas from other sources, you may do so, and in that case you should clearly state the source. Work will be penalized with severe mark reduction. Late submission will also be subject to mark reduction (marked down by 10% per day after due date). Your thought piece should be written in ENGLISH. It should be about and no more than three pages long (AY double-spacing, font: Time News Roman, size 12, 1 inch margin), excluding supplemental materials you may have (e. G. , reference list, table and figures, experiment materials, media clips) How to cite Thought piece, Papers

Title of the Paper (2574 words) Essay Example For Students

Title of the Paper (2574 words) Essay Title of the Paper (The Art of Teaching Book Report) Submitted By (Kadeejah Johnson, ) Number and Name of Course (Managing the Diverse Classroom EDUC 311) Class Meeting Time/Day (M/W/F: 11:00 A.M. 11:50 A.M.) Professor (Dr.Barrie Ciliberti) Semester (Fall 2016) Todays Date (Monday October 17, 2016) Bowie State University Department of Education Bowie, MarylandThe Art of TeachingGilbert HighetReport I Summary of the bookIn the novel, The Art of Teaching, Gilbert Highet takes the importance of knowing how and when to be a good teacher. He lists that there are many other professions in the world, however the most important and rewarding profession is teaching. He talks about how the teacher has a particular job and that the only time that a teacher gets is over the summer if he or she did not enroll in summer courses. There are other forms of educating different students and a way to teach them the subject that the teacher is more keen to teaching. The teachers second reward as descr ibed in the book as the teacher using his mind on valuable subjects regarding Literature, Social studies, mathematics and the arts. The teacher is the most important character and most valuable player in the classroom. There are qualities of a teacher that are good and allows for there to be a difference in who the teacher is and what the teacher teaches. Highet discusses how teaching is inseparable from learning, which enlists that there is a good teacher that makes an effort to learn more about what he teaches. The teacher is supposed to believe in the value and be interested in the subject that he or she teaches. Highet also suggest that the only reason for learning, and it is so that boys read and want to learn something worthwhile. The teacher has been said as the problem solver, the one who continuously finds pupils and educate them based on the sole fact that they are the future, and are required to learn all that is granted to them as individuals. This is where he begins to mention that young people cannot chose their teachers, until they reach university age and sometimes not even then. A wise teacher will keep his pupils from feeling he is playing a trade rather than being able to somehow carry over such knowledge to his pupils. A teacher must not just like the young because they are young. Which is why it is important to realize he must also enjoy working in groups and students working in groups, which Highet found the most universal factor of teaching is that the teacher must enjoy the conditions of teaching and to find the energy in their students. Highet found that if a teacher prefers working in a lab or reading in a library they will never be a good teacher. He also goes into the fact there being behavioral issues in school the teacher must act as the leader of a group, and feel the same flow of energy as the students based on not being tired while hes teaching. He then goes into explaining the time period during the sixties where heroine was a big part of the failing school system. Fights would break out and much of it was because of the lack of good teachers. Highet had hoped that students would take the teacher and hid or her personality and make a deal of learning from them. It has been said that the teacher must know his pupils and must know their names, habits and the way that they learn. He found that it was important for students to make the teacher feel more obligated to learning. Highet also insinuates that in order to influence them in any way they must be convinced that the teacher knows them. The art of teaching , like the art of healing consist in recognizing the combination of types. The best way to know a pupil is to divide each student into a type, which inevitably leaves both the student and the teacher in sync with each other. The teacher is the most significant role in the school, amongst the staff members and the students the most important is the teacher. Which Highet found as the most emancipating thing and that is that teachers are the ones who starve the talent that is in pupils. Teachers tend to overshadow such talent by not recognizing it. Teachers in schools and colleges must see more, think more as well as understand more than the average man and woman of the society in which they live. The teacher must not forget that there is a void in the educational level of higher education and that there is also a new form of education based on both the student and the teachers effort in learning. It has always been in the best interest of the teacher that the student succeeds and is a ble to master certain subject areas. Highet found that both the student and the teacher must come to an understanding, and that is that there is a better life outside of school, but also that there is potential. The book was intended for people that aspire to be teachers or those who had already entered the profession. The good teacher will be the one who is vitally in abstracting the talent from the student so that he or she is given the opportunity to grow from both the knowledge and the respect of knowing that someone cared enough about them to focus on their development. The teacher has the most difficult job, Highet warns, but he also adds that it takes someone dedicated, honest and open about the opportunity to do something that will go to later generations. Highet opens up about his experiences as to why such students and teachers build strong relationships with their students, outside of school and instruction. Highet found that the teacher closest to him helped him grow on the basis he found talent, and that was in his ability to write. The art if being a teacher is that they are encouraged to continuously learn and to become more aware of his or her students. Highet encouraged throughout the book the most important obligations to teaching and what it meant to be aware of all the students needs. Although it had been said that Highet found school boring and unenthusiastic, which he stated was because of the teacher. Based on Gilbert Highets motivation in writing a book on what it means to be a teacher and how to be a teacher, it has been proven that it takes the student and the teachers cooperation in assisting the needs of both the student and administration. Highet indicated that the relationship between a pupil and a teacher should be everlasting, and always growing so that the student never stops learning. Paleontology (9th-10th Grade Paper) EssayIn order to understand what Highet meant when he said that, I believe that teaching is an art not a science. This is indicating that there are strategic and goal abiding characteristic that a teacher must have, and that is to ensure that each child receives the same form of education as those who are African American and Hispanic. He mentions that these to minority groups are amongst the most difficult to educate when there is a situation in the urban cities. This comes as a surprise because it was believed that education was granted to everyone, no matter of race, gender or the quality of the education they gained previous. Highet admits that during the eighties education was looked at as a joke, however many started to realize how important it was to receive an education. Teaching to me, is not an art it the only way of survival, what can society do if you are educated? It slows down the stereotype that African Americans and other minority groups are uneducated and have a difficult time learning and going to school amongst other groups. There will always be this burning question as to what makes Gilbert Highets, The Art of Teaching the guide to someone who is entering the field of education or a refresher to those teachers who are still educating under the institution. Highets contribution to the theory of what teaching really means and what it is to those teachers who want to branch out to another profession. I will say that I am not convinced, and solemnly believe that teaching is a privilege and that only those who wish to learn something new every day, and those who read for enrichment, as well as believe in the education of the youth should be teachers. Art is a form of expression, and those who express the desire of teaching should not read this book. The chance of feeling discouraged, and unconvinced that Highet proves why teaching is an art, will only leave confusion and rebuttals. Teaching is an obligation, and is rewarding through seeing each child succeed and pursue the institution of higher learning, and investing in their education. There are often times teachers are misled as the problem solver, and the begin all to end all in situations concerning the youth. However, Highet suggest that such factors are important and they allow everyone to be on the same page. This book is difficult to read if there is no interest in education or being a teacher. Highet allows the reader to interpret what he means and ay what volume he needs to reach his goal, and that is to encourage one to read or to put the book down and run to educate. The ultimate goal of any educator is to allow his or her pupils to be themselves and to express sole interest in education. Not at all does this book make readers want to take it home and read it on their own time, yet had it been an assigned read, much of the content would be interpreted as an aggressive take on what a teacher is, and what a teacher does in his or her own leisure. The most difficult thing I found about this book is that there is no clear thes is as to what a teacher is, or the art in teaching. At some point I found myself wanting to turn to the end to find if it was mentioned at the end of the book. If you are only interested in band wagons and believe that no real learning has taken place before your appearance on the scene, this book will be a disappointment. Highet takes an analytical and historical approach to the greatest of teachers and their methods. In doing so, he provides one of the finest examinations of the methodology of the Classic Greek School. Highet encourages a love for learning, a love for children and a passion for sharing only the finest with our students. My guess is that he would have been opposed to dumbing down on many counts, but primarily because of the lack of respect it shows for the potential of the student. Although the book seems a little old fashion, one could consider reading this again in the near future.

Janet Jackson Essays - Concept Albums, Janet Jackson,

Janet Jackson Janet Jackson You know she's a Jackson. And you know she's a singer. Of course, you know the girl can dance. You know she's a leading lady in Hollywood. And maybe you still think of her as a cute little girl with a famous last name and big , bright eyes. Do you think she's what she was yesterday? Better think again. As many of her other fans and followers already know, the only label that fits her is Janet. Time flies when your having fun and that's the way she wants its. Since the grown Miss Jackson burst upon the music scene in 1986 with Control Selling eight million records and establishing her as a bold, sensual, independent woman, she's been breaking the molds and banishing the stereotypes the world would set for her. She's not just the cute, little girl- actress we loved on Good Times and Different Strokes or the earnest teen we followed of Fame. She's not the Jackson family's baby-not any more. Clearly, the only thing you can safely say about her is that she's Janet. And that's saying a lot. Consider that she's already appeared in five television series, made seven albums, and starred in a major motion picture. She's sold over 24 million albums worldwide, achieved five Top Five hits from her 1986 record, Control and a record seven Top Five Hits from the 1989 Rhythm Nation 1814 album, four went to no.#1. She followed that up with a record breaking world tour, a movie and her self-titled album Janet. You might think that a woman with a pedigree and resume as impressive as this would have had a smooth ride all along. Not so. Says Janet, I went through a great deal of pain from about sixteen to nineteen and a half Pain that I really wouldn't wish upon anyone. During those years, challenging years for anyone, Janet released two albums, Janet Jackson (1982) and Dream Street (1984). She spent a difficult and lonely year away from her family in New York while appearing in Fame, and by the time she was nineteen, had been through a divorce after a short-lived marriage to James DeBarge of another somewhat less famous singing family, the DeBarge Family. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, Janet fired her father as her manager, for the first time taking total control of her own career. It should come as no surprise that the tittle of her next album was control. Clearly, it was Janet's announcement to the world that she was no longer just the littlest Jackson , but a strong woman with a mind, body and career of her own. Control won two American Music awards in 1987 . Newsweek magazine described it as irresistible danceable alternative to the sentimental balladry and opulent arrangements of some of the then more famous female singer. Many pop stars, having found a formula that worked, would be content to make more of the same. But when Rhythm Nation 1814 hit charts in 1989, a different , more mature, more confident Janet Jackson announced herself. Having established her own artistic identity, Janet looked outside herself. Of course, there are still some very personal songs on this record, and very sexy ones such as Black Cat, but more that that, the songs of Rhythm Nation 1814 reflect her long held concern for the state of society and the place of the individual in that society. Rhythm Nation 1814 won praise, not just because its a great record to listen to with hard-hitting dance tunes, heart felt lyrics and visually stunning videos, but because it is an uplifting collection of songs. unlike so many issue oriented albums, Rhythm Nation 1814 didn't just point out the problems, it struck a note of hope. Making such a difference album is a risk for any artist but this one paid off. Like Control, Rhythm Nation 1814 sold eight million copies, but more remarkably, the album set a new record by placing seven singles in the Billboard Top Five. Her Rhythm Nation tour a nine month marathon, played to nearly two million delighted fans and raised, through a percentage of ticket sales, nearly $400,000 for the cities in schools program. With unprecedented success like

The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition

The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, which began the era of  Prohibition. Ratified on Jan. 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment on Dec. 5, 1933. In the over 200 years of U.S. Constitutional Law, the 18th Amendment remains the only amendment to ever have been repealed.   The 18th Amendment Key Takeaways The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture and distribution of alcohol (known as Prohibition), on Jan. 16, 1919.  The major force behind Prohibition was 150 years of pressure by the Temperance Movement, combined with the ideals of the early 20th century Progressive Movement.The result was the destruction of an entire industry, including loss of jobs and tax revenue, and general lawlessness as people openly flaunted the law.  The Great Depression was an instrumental reason for its repeal.  The 21st Amendment repealing the 18th was ratified in December 1933, the only amendment ever to be repealed. Text of the 18th Amendment Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Proposal of the 18th Amendment   The road to national prohibition was riddled with a plethora of states laws that mirrored a national sentiment for temperance. Of the states that already had bans on manufacturing and distributing alcohol, very few had sweeping successes as a result, but the 18th Amendment sought to remedy this.   On August 1, 1917, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution detailing a version of the above three sections to be presented to states for ratification. The vote passed 65 to 20 with Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition while the Democrats voted 36 to 12.   On December 17, 1917, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of a revised resolution 282 to 128, with Republicans voting 137 to 62 and Democrats voting 141 to 64. Additionally, four independents voted for and two against it. The Senate approved this revised version the next day with a vote of 47 to 8 where it then went on to the States for ratification. Ratification of the 18th Amendment The 18th Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919, in Washington, D.C. with Nebraskas for vote pushing the amendment over the required 36 states needed to approve the bill. Of the 48 states in the U.S. at the time (Hawaii and Alaska became states in the U.S. in 1959), only Connecticut and Rhode Island rejected the amendment, though New Jersey did not ratify it until three years later in 1922.   The National Prohibition Act was written to define the language and execution of the amendment and despite President Woodrow Wilsons attempt to veto the act, Congress and the Senate overrode his veto and set the start date for prohibition in the United States to January 17, 1920, the earliest date allowed by the 18th Amendment.   The Temperance Movement Temperance Parade. Chicago History Museum/Getty Images At the time of its passage, the 18th Amendment was the culmination of well over a century of activity by members of the temperance movement- people who wanted the total abolishment of alcohol. In the mid-19th century in the United States and elsewhere, the rejection of alcohol began as a religious movement, but it never gained traction: The revenue from the alcohol industry was phenomenal even then. As the new century turned, however, so did the focus of the temperance leadership.   Temperance became a platform of the Progressive Movement, a political and cultural movement that was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. The Progressives wanted to clean up slums, end child labor, enforce shorter working hours, improve working conditions for people in factories, and stop excessive drinking. Banning alcohol, they felt, would protect the family, aid personal success, and reduce or eliminate crime and poverty.   The leaders of the movement were in the Anti-Saloon League of America, who, allied with the Womens Christian Temperance Union mobilized the Protestant churches and obtained major funding from businessmen and the corporate elite. Their activities were instrumental in achieving the two-thirds majority needed in both houses to initiate what would become the 18th Amendment.   The Volstead Act   The original wording of the 18th amendment barred the manufacture, sale, transportation, and exportation of intoxicating beverages, but it didnt define what intoxicating meant. Many of the people who supported the 18th amendment believed that the real problem was saloons and that drinking was acceptable in respectable settings.  The 18th amendment didnt prohibit imports (the Webb-Kenyon Act of 1913 did that) but Webb-Kenyon only enforced the imports when it was illegal in the receiving states. At first, people who wanted alcohol could get it semi-legally and safely.   But the Volstead Act, which was passed by Congress and then came into effect on January 16, 1920, defined the intoxicating level at .05 percent alcohol by volume. The utilitarian arm of the temperance movement wanted to ban saloons and control alcohol production: People believed their own drinking was blameless, but it was bad for everyone else and the society at large. The Volstead Act made that untenable: If you wanted alcohol, you now had to get it illegally.   The Volstead Act also created the first Prohibition Unit, in which men and women were hired at the federal level to serve as prohibition agents. Consequences of the 18th Amendment   The result of the combined 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act was economic devastation in the liquor industry. In 1914, there were 318 wineries, in 1927 there were 27. Liquor wholesalers were cut by 96 percent, and the number of legal retailers by 90 percent. Between 1919 and 1929, tax revenue from distilled spirits dropped from $365 million to under $13 million; revenues from fermented liquors went from $117 million to virtually nothing.   Bans on liquor importation and exportation crippled American ocean liners who were competing with other countries. Farmers lost the legal market of their crops to distilleries. Its not that the framers didnt realize that they would be losing the tax revenue they got from the alcohol industry (not to mention job loss and raw material market loss): They simply believed after World War I that prosperity and economic growth would be adequately bolstered by the gains of the Progressive movement, including doing away with alcohol, to overcome any initial costs.   Bootlegging   Marcia Frost One main consequence of the 18th Amendment was the steep  increase in smuggling and bootlegging- massive quantities of alcohol were smuggled out of Canada or made in small stills. There was no funding provided in the 18th Amendment for federal policing or prosecuting drink-related crimes. Although the Volstead Act created the first federal Prohibition Units, it didnt really become effective at the national level until 1927. State courts became clogged with alcohol-related cases.   When voters recognized that even near beer productions by the limping alcohol manufacturers Coors, Miller, and Anheuser Busch were now not legally accessible, tens of millions of people refused to obey the law. Illegal operations to manufacture alcohol and speakeasies to distribute it were rife. Juries would often not convict bootleggers, who were seen as Robin Hood figures. Despite the level of overall criminality, the mass violations by the public created lawlessness and a widespread disrespect for the law.   Rise of the Mafia   The opportunities for making money in the bootlegging business were not lost on organized crime in the United States. As legitimate alcohol businesses closed, the Mafia and other gangs took control of its production and sale. These became sophisticated criminal enterprises that reaped huge profits from the illicit liquor trade.   The Mafia were protected by crooked police and politicians who were bribed to look the other way. The most notorious of the Mafia dons was Chicagos Al Capone, who earned an estimated $60 million annually from his bootlegging and speakeasy operations. Income from bootlegging flowed into the old vices of gambling and prostitution, and the resulting widespread criminality and violence added to the growing demand for repeal. Although there were arrests during the 1920s, the Mafias lock on bootlegging was only successfully broken by repeal. Support for Repeal The growth of support for the repeal of the 18th amendment had everything to do with the promises of the Progressive movement balanced with the devastation of the Great Depression.   But even before the stock market crash in 1929, the Progressive reform movement, which had seemed so idyllic in its plan for a healthier society, lost credibility. The Anti-Saloon League insisted on zero tolerance and aligned itself with distasteful elements such as the Ku Klux Klan. Young people saw progressive reform as a suffocating status quo. Many prominent officials warned about the consequences of lawlessness: Herbert Hoover made it a central plank on his successful bid for the presidency in 1928. A year after the stock market crashed, six million men were out of work; in the first three years after the crash, an average of 100,000 workers were fired every week. The politicians who had argued that progressivism would bring prosperity were now held responsible for the depression.   By the early 1930s, the same corporate and religious elite people who supported the establishment of the 18th Amendment now lobbied for its repeal. One of the first was Standard Oils John D. Rockefeller, Jr., a major financial supporter of the 18th Amendment. On the night before the 1932 Republican convention, Rockefeller said that he now supported repeal of the Amendment, despite being a teetotaler on principle.   Repeal of the 18th Amendment After Rockefeller, many other businessmen signed on, saying that the benefits of prohibition were far outweighed by the costs. There was a growing socialist movement in the country, and people were organizing into unions: The elite businessmen including Pierre Du Pont of Du Pont manufacturing and Alfred P. Sloan Jr. of General Motors were frankly terrified.   The political parties were more cautious: Both were for Resubmission of the 18th amendment to the states and if the popular vote agreed, they would move to repeal it. But they were split on who would receive economic benefits. The Republicans wanted liquor control to lie with the federal government, while the Democrats wanted it returned to the states. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. quietly endorsed repeal: His main promises for the presidency were balanced budgets and fiscal integrity. After he won and the Democrats swept in with him in December 1933, the lame-duck 72nd Congress reconvened and the Senate voted to submit the 21st Amendment to state conventions. The House approved it in February. In March 1933, Roosevelt asked Congress to modify the Volstead Act to allow 3.2 percent near beer and in April it was legal in most of the country. FDR had two cases shipped to the White House. On Dec. 5, 1933, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the 21st Amendment, and the 18th Amendment was repealed.   Sources Blocker Jr., Jack S. Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation. American Journal of Public Health 96.2 (2006): 233–43. Print.Bourdreaux, Donald J., and A.C. Pritchard. The Price of Prohibition. Arizona Law Review 36 (1994). Print.Dietler, Michael. Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 35.1 (2006): 229–49. Print.Levine, Harry Gene. The Birth of American Alcohol Control: Prohibition, the Power Elite, and the Problem of Lawlessness. Contemporary Drug Problems 12 (1985): 63–115. Print.Miron, Jeffrey A., and Jeffrey Zwiebel. Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition. The American Economic Review 81.2 (1991): 242–47. Print.Webb, Holland. Temperance Movements and Prohibition. International Social Science Review 74.1/2 (1999): 61–69. Print.

Penology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Penology - Essay Example However, not all the issues stem from the judicial system, nor those who enforce the regulations, as some of the literature in the following paper suggest that with such a high rate of incarcerated individuals who also have mental health issues, perhaps the approach to punishment should take a more â€Å"person-centered† approach, taking into account the mental capacity and possible illnesses that may be present prior to the crime being committed. The following paper will attempt to address both sides of the judicial process, including some possible suggestions to address the faults identified. In order to fully appreciate the power and transformation of the judicial system, it is important to know the origins, as it is quite different from the present day system in place. The judicial process varies from location to location, with different countries having vastly different acceptable practices, which further complicate the quest for justice. The judicial system of the United Kingdom is actually comprised of three different and distinct legal jurisdictions, each with its own system in place. The three jurisdictions include English Law, Northern Ireland Law, and Scots Law. In the United Kingdom, the history of the legal process is traced back over 1000 years ago, when one of the biggest problems the judiciary system had was finding out who had killed a deer that had belonged to another person (http://www.judiciary.gov.uk), which proved just as challenging to come to a conclusion as the present day legal problems presented in the variety of UK court systems. In contrast to the UK judicial system, the United States legal system, while having different branches, is fully interconnected, working at the federal, state, and local levels. Under the Constitution of the United States, a main guide to the legal and political culture, there is to be but one court (the Supreme Court), which protects the right to trial by jury (http://www.constitution.org/constit_.htm).