Janet Jackson Essays - Concept Albums, Janet Jackson,

Janet Jackson Janet Jackson You know she's a Jackson. And you know she's a singer. Of course, you know the girl can dance. You know she's a leading lady in Hollywood. And maybe you still think of her as a cute little girl with a famous last name and big , bright eyes. Do you think she's what she was yesterday? Better think again. As many of her other fans and followers already know, the only label that fits her is Janet. Time flies when your having fun and that's the way she wants its. Since the grown Miss Jackson burst upon the music scene in 1986 with Control Selling eight million records and establishing her as a bold, sensual, independent woman, she's been breaking the molds and banishing the stereotypes the world would set for her. She's not just the cute, little girl- actress we loved on Good Times and Different Strokes or the earnest teen we followed of Fame. She's not the Jackson family's baby-not any more. Clearly, the only thing you can safely say about her is that she's Janet. And that's saying a lot. Consider that she's already appeared in five television series, made seven albums, and starred in a major motion picture. She's sold over 24 million albums worldwide, achieved five Top Five hits from her 1986 record, Control and a record seven Top Five Hits from the 1989 Rhythm Nation 1814 album, four went to no.#1. She followed that up with a record breaking world tour, a movie and her self-titled album Janet. You might think that a woman with a pedigree and resume as impressive as this would have had a smooth ride all along. Not so. Says Janet, I went through a great deal of pain from about sixteen to nineteen and a half Pain that I really wouldn't wish upon anyone. During those years, challenging years for anyone, Janet released two albums, Janet Jackson (1982) and Dream Street (1984). She spent a difficult and lonely year away from her family in New York while appearing in Fame, and by the time she was nineteen, had been through a divorce after a short-lived marriage to James DeBarge of another somewhat less famous singing family, the DeBarge Family. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, Janet fired her father as her manager, for the first time taking total control of her own career. It should come as no surprise that the tittle of her next album was control. Clearly, it was Janet's announcement to the world that she was no longer just the littlest Jackson , but a strong woman with a mind, body and career of her own. Control won two American Music awards in 1987 . Newsweek magazine described it as irresistible danceable alternative to the sentimental balladry and opulent arrangements of some of the then more famous female singer. Many pop stars, having found a formula that worked, would be content to make more of the same. But when Rhythm Nation 1814 hit charts in 1989, a different , more mature, more confident Janet Jackson announced herself. Having established her own artistic identity, Janet looked outside herself. Of course, there are still some very personal songs on this record, and very sexy ones such as Black Cat, but more that that, the songs of Rhythm Nation 1814 reflect her long held concern for the state of society and the place of the individual in that society. Rhythm Nation 1814 won praise, not just because its a great record to listen to with hard-hitting dance tunes, heart felt lyrics and visually stunning videos, but because it is an uplifting collection of songs. unlike so many issue oriented albums, Rhythm Nation 1814 didn't just point out the problems, it struck a note of hope. Making such a difference album is a risk for any artist but this one paid off. Like Control, Rhythm Nation 1814 sold eight million copies, but more remarkably, the album set a new record by placing seven singles in the Billboard Top Five. Her Rhythm Nation tour a nine month marathon, played to nearly two million delighted fans and raised, through a percentage of ticket sales, nearly $400,000 for the cities in schools program. With unprecedented success like

The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition

The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, which began the era of  Prohibition. Ratified on Jan. 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment on Dec. 5, 1933. In the over 200 years of U.S. Constitutional Law, the 18th Amendment remains the only amendment to ever have been repealed.   The 18th Amendment Key Takeaways The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture and distribution of alcohol (known as Prohibition), on Jan. 16, 1919.  The major force behind Prohibition was 150 years of pressure by the Temperance Movement, combined with the ideals of the early 20th century Progressive Movement.The result was the destruction of an entire industry, including loss of jobs and tax revenue, and general lawlessness as people openly flaunted the law.  The Great Depression was an instrumental reason for its repeal.  The 21st Amendment repealing the 18th was ratified in December 1933, the only amendment ever to be repealed. Text of the 18th Amendment Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Proposal of the 18th Amendment   The road to national prohibition was riddled with a plethora of states laws that mirrored a national sentiment for temperance. Of the states that already had bans on manufacturing and distributing alcohol, very few had sweeping successes as a result, but the 18th Amendment sought to remedy this.   On August 1, 1917, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution detailing a version of the above three sections to be presented to states for ratification. The vote passed 65 to 20 with Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition while the Democrats voted 36 to 12.   On December 17, 1917, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of a revised resolution 282 to 128, with Republicans voting 137 to 62 and Democrats voting 141 to 64. Additionally, four independents voted for and two against it. The Senate approved this revised version the next day with a vote of 47 to 8 where it then went on to the States for ratification. Ratification of the 18th Amendment The 18th Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919, in Washington, D.C. with Nebraskas for vote pushing the amendment over the required 36 states needed to approve the bill. Of the 48 states in the U.S. at the time (Hawaii and Alaska became states in the U.S. in 1959), only Connecticut and Rhode Island rejected the amendment, though New Jersey did not ratify it until three years later in 1922.   The National Prohibition Act was written to define the language and execution of the amendment and despite President Woodrow Wilsons attempt to veto the act, Congress and the Senate overrode his veto and set the start date for prohibition in the United States to January 17, 1920, the earliest date allowed by the 18th Amendment.   The Temperance Movement Temperance Parade. Chicago History Museum/Getty Images At the time of its passage, the 18th Amendment was the culmination of well over a century of activity by members of the temperance movement- people who wanted the total abolishment of alcohol. In the mid-19th century in the United States and elsewhere, the rejection of alcohol began as a religious movement, but it never gained traction: The revenue from the alcohol industry was phenomenal even then. As the new century turned, however, so did the focus of the temperance leadership.   Temperance became a platform of the Progressive Movement, a political and cultural movement that was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. The Progressives wanted to clean up slums, end child labor, enforce shorter working hours, improve working conditions for people in factories, and stop excessive drinking. Banning alcohol, they felt, would protect the family, aid personal success, and reduce or eliminate crime and poverty.   The leaders of the movement were in the Anti-Saloon League of America, who, allied with the Womens Christian Temperance Union mobilized the Protestant churches and obtained major funding from businessmen and the corporate elite. Their activities were instrumental in achieving the two-thirds majority needed in both houses to initiate what would become the 18th Amendment.   The Volstead Act   The original wording of the 18th amendment barred the manufacture, sale, transportation, and exportation of intoxicating beverages, but it didnt define what intoxicating meant. Many of the people who supported the 18th amendment believed that the real problem was saloons and that drinking was acceptable in respectable settings.  The 18th amendment didnt prohibit imports (the Webb-Kenyon Act of 1913 did that) but Webb-Kenyon only enforced the imports when it was illegal in the receiving states. At first, people who wanted alcohol could get it semi-legally and safely.   But the Volstead Act, which was passed by Congress and then came into effect on January 16, 1920, defined the intoxicating level at .05 percent alcohol by volume. The utilitarian arm of the temperance movement wanted to ban saloons and control alcohol production: People believed their own drinking was blameless, but it was bad for everyone else and the society at large. The Volstead Act made that untenable: If you wanted alcohol, you now had to get it illegally.   The Volstead Act also created the first Prohibition Unit, in which men and women were hired at the federal level to serve as prohibition agents. Consequences of the 18th Amendment   The result of the combined 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act was economic devastation in the liquor industry. In 1914, there were 318 wineries, in 1927 there were 27. Liquor wholesalers were cut by 96 percent, and the number of legal retailers by 90 percent. Between 1919 and 1929, tax revenue from distilled spirits dropped from $365 million to under $13 million; revenues from fermented liquors went from $117 million to virtually nothing.   Bans on liquor importation and exportation crippled American ocean liners who were competing with other countries. Farmers lost the legal market of their crops to distilleries. Its not that the framers didnt realize that they would be losing the tax revenue they got from the alcohol industry (not to mention job loss and raw material market loss): They simply believed after World War I that prosperity and economic growth would be adequately bolstered by the gains of the Progressive movement, including doing away with alcohol, to overcome any initial costs.   Bootlegging   Marcia Frost One main consequence of the 18th Amendment was the steep  increase in smuggling and bootlegging- massive quantities of alcohol were smuggled out of Canada or made in small stills. There was no funding provided in the 18th Amendment for federal policing or prosecuting drink-related crimes. Although the Volstead Act created the first federal Prohibition Units, it didnt really become effective at the national level until 1927. State courts became clogged with alcohol-related cases.   When voters recognized that even near beer productions by the limping alcohol manufacturers Coors, Miller, and Anheuser Busch were now not legally accessible, tens of millions of people refused to obey the law. Illegal operations to manufacture alcohol and speakeasies to distribute it were rife. Juries would often not convict bootleggers, who were seen as Robin Hood figures. Despite the level of overall criminality, the mass violations by the public created lawlessness and a widespread disrespect for the law.   Rise of the Mafia   The opportunities for making money in the bootlegging business were not lost on organized crime in the United States. As legitimate alcohol businesses closed, the Mafia and other gangs took control of its production and sale. These became sophisticated criminal enterprises that reaped huge profits from the illicit liquor trade.   The Mafia were protected by crooked police and politicians who were bribed to look the other way. The most notorious of the Mafia dons was Chicagos Al Capone, who earned an estimated $60 million annually from his bootlegging and speakeasy operations. Income from bootlegging flowed into the old vices of gambling and prostitution, and the resulting widespread criminality and violence added to the growing demand for repeal. Although there were arrests during the 1920s, the Mafias lock on bootlegging was only successfully broken by repeal. Support for Repeal The growth of support for the repeal of the 18th amendment had everything to do with the promises of the Progressive movement balanced with the devastation of the Great Depression.   But even before the stock market crash in 1929, the Progressive reform movement, which had seemed so idyllic in its plan for a healthier society, lost credibility. The Anti-Saloon League insisted on zero tolerance and aligned itself with distasteful elements such as the Ku Klux Klan. Young people saw progressive reform as a suffocating status quo. Many prominent officials warned about the consequences of lawlessness: Herbert Hoover made it a central plank on his successful bid for the presidency in 1928. A year after the stock market crashed, six million men were out of work; in the first three years after the crash, an average of 100,000 workers were fired every week. The politicians who had argued that progressivism would bring prosperity were now held responsible for the depression.   By the early 1930s, the same corporate and religious elite people who supported the establishment of the 18th Amendment now lobbied for its repeal. One of the first was Standard Oils John D. Rockefeller, Jr., a major financial supporter of the 18th Amendment. On the night before the 1932 Republican convention, Rockefeller said that he now supported repeal of the Amendment, despite being a teetotaler on principle.   Repeal of the 18th Amendment After Rockefeller, many other businessmen signed on, saying that the benefits of prohibition were far outweighed by the costs. There was a growing socialist movement in the country, and people were organizing into unions: The elite businessmen including Pierre Du Pont of Du Pont manufacturing and Alfred P. Sloan Jr. of General Motors were frankly terrified.   The political parties were more cautious: Both were for Resubmission of the 18th amendment to the states and if the popular vote agreed, they would move to repeal it. But they were split on who would receive economic benefits. The Republicans wanted liquor control to lie with the federal government, while the Democrats wanted it returned to the states. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. quietly endorsed repeal: His main promises for the presidency were balanced budgets and fiscal integrity. After he won and the Democrats swept in with him in December 1933, the lame-duck 72nd Congress reconvened and the Senate voted to submit the 21st Amendment to state conventions. The House approved it in February. In March 1933, Roosevelt asked Congress to modify the Volstead Act to allow 3.2 percent near beer and in April it was legal in most of the country. FDR had two cases shipped to the White House. On Dec. 5, 1933, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the 21st Amendment, and the 18th Amendment was repealed.   Sources Blocker Jr., Jack S. Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation. American Journal of Public Health 96.2 (2006): 233–43. Print.Bourdreaux, Donald J., and A.C. Pritchard. The Price of Prohibition. Arizona Law Review 36 (1994). Print.Dietler, Michael. Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 35.1 (2006): 229–49. Print.Levine, Harry Gene. The Birth of American Alcohol Control: Prohibition, the Power Elite, and the Problem of Lawlessness. Contemporary Drug Problems 12 (1985): 63–115. Print.Miron, Jeffrey A., and Jeffrey Zwiebel. Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition. The American Economic Review 81.2 (1991): 242–47. Print.Webb, Holland. Temperance Movements and Prohibition. International Social Science Review 74.1/2 (1999): 61–69. Print.

Penology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Penology - Essay Example However, not all the issues stem from the judicial system, nor those who enforce the regulations, as some of the literature in the following paper suggest that with such a high rate of incarcerated individuals who also have mental health issues, perhaps the approach to punishment should take a more â€Å"person-centered† approach, taking into account the mental capacity and possible illnesses that may be present prior to the crime being committed. The following paper will attempt to address both sides of the judicial process, including some possible suggestions to address the faults identified. In order to fully appreciate the power and transformation of the judicial system, it is important to know the origins, as it is quite different from the present day system in place. The judicial process varies from location to location, with different countries having vastly different acceptable practices, which further complicate the quest for justice. The judicial system of the United Kingdom is actually comprised of three different and distinct legal jurisdictions, each with its own system in place. The three jurisdictions include English Law, Northern Ireland Law, and Scots Law. In the United Kingdom, the history of the legal process is traced back over 1000 years ago, when one of the biggest problems the judiciary system had was finding out who had killed a deer that had belonged to another person (http://www.judiciary.gov.uk), which proved just as challenging to come to a conclusion as the present day legal problems presented in the variety of UK court systems. In contrast to the UK judicial system, the United States legal system, while having different branches, is fully interconnected, working at the federal, state, and local levels. Under the Constitution of the United States, a main guide to the legal and political culture, there is to be but one court (the Supreme Court), which protects the right to trial by jury (http://www.constitution.org/constit_.htm).

Evolution of the construction industry since the industrial revolution Essay

Evolution of the construction industry since the industrial revolution - Essay Example The building industry as a whole underwent a revolution. The Industrial Revolution created an enormous increase in the production of many kinds of goods and brought about changes in technology and innovation. As the Industrial Revolution grew, private investors and financial institutions were needed to provide money for the further expansion of industrialization. Before the industrial revolution, only ten percent of the people lived in cities while most lived in towns and villages scattered around the cities. The revolution brought about changes which drew large number of people into cities as industry expanded. This resulted in increased demand for housing and the high-rise buildings came into existence. Money was easily available through banks and financiers for construction. Loans and mortgages helped people to build and buy homes. The construction industry is a major industry in the economy of Great Britain and is growing steadily. Advancement in technology led to a boom in the industry in all sectors. While onsite construction was common, offsite construction grew along with it. This resulted in cost reduction and better quality control. Prefabricated structures were largely used and installed specially for bridges. Private housing sector has grown tremendously and may have reached a plateau today in Great Britain. Homes in England with three or more bedrooms were only 7% in 1971 whereas in 2002/3 it stood at 34%. Semi detached homes in England are the most common system of dwelling but only 28% of them have been built in the past 40 years. All the others are much older. The construction industry is divided in two sections – new construction and repairs and maintenance. In the early 1990s, total construction output (in 1995 prices) decreased sharply in Great Britain as a whole2. After 1995, the construction output increased

Critical Appraisal of Business Plan Process Towards the creation of a Essay

Critical Appraisal of Business Plan Process Towards the creation of a successful entrepreneurial venture - Essay Example Because it is contained in a tangible document, it is open to critical examination by important third parties such as possible co-investors, creditors, venture capitalists, or banks which may be considering extending a loan towards the business (BC Ministry of Small Business, 2011, p.2). Elements The business plan is comprised of several elements, which may be described as follows: Idea generation, while not a tangible part of the business plan proper, is a vital phase of the planning process. It is the germination of the business intention, the idea that combines a perceived need in the environment with a recognized capability in the business proponent. Idea generation is the most difficult stage of developing a new product or service, whether it be for a new or existing business (Crane, 2010, p. 104). This is because it involves the creative process and is not defined according to any established procedure, but often occurs as a flash of inspiration or unique insight as to how a pa rticular need may be fulfilled. When an idea is first generated, there is usually no indication as to whether it will be successful or even feasible, thus embarking on a course of action on the bases of new ideas always involves a great deal of conviction and a leap of faith. Strategic objectives are set subsequent to the generation of the idea. Strategic objectives provide the overall mission or purpose of the business (i.e., a â€Å"philosophical† purpose, according to Piotrowski, 2011, p. 174), as against the operational objectives. Strategic objectives relate to the definition of four elements of the business profile, namely products, customer groups, market segments, and geographic markets (Robert, 1998, p. 234). As with all statements of intention, however, the statement of strategic objectives is always couched in general terms that may admit of many varied interpretations. As a guide, therefore, the strategic objectives are at best advisory, but cannot be held as defi nitive as promises or commitments for which the business may be held answerable. Therefore, the effectiveness of strategic objectives will only be as meaningful as the best intentions of the business proponents may hold them to be. Market analysis and research is the process of gathering information about the prospective market of the business and drawing important insights and observations about future prospects. Information about the market’s size, its location, its history, the competitive profile, and likely profitability, as well as its general strength and health, are described and assessed. The information gathered during this stage provides the foundation for forecasting sales volumes and revenues, for determining the capacity of the business, and consequently the amount of financing required (Ehmke & Akridge, 2005, p.3). Market research analysis has its limitations. Ideally, accurate knowledge of markets is very important, but such knowledge does not serve to reduce knowledge of the business into a single solution that solves all possible problems. It is a myth that a business cannot fail if it completely knows its market; this is because the market is just one aspect of the business, the others being the financial, technical operations, accounting control, and human resources aspects (Brown, 2008, p. 464). Furthermore, the market has too many factors that could not be forecast with certainty, that any feeling of possessing complete knowledge of the market is a certain

Cons of a bioassay

Cons of a bioassay 1. Cons of a bioassay- firstly the response to a hormone by a specific tissue may not reflect the in vivo response. For example, a hormone may be modified by another factor within the tissue before it acts on the tissue. Furthermore, the hormone that you are testing i.e the number of contractions in uterine tissue in response to a specific oxytocin concentration, may not be entirely be due to oxytocin i.e. PGF2a is also psent in uterine tissue which acts locally to cause contractions also(Callegari et al, 2005). Also, an animal may need to be killed in order to isolate one organ only i.e. the uterus in mice. There is also biological variation between species i.e. human and mouse, and so the physical outcome in response to a particular hormone in mice may not reflect what the outcome is in man. Pros of a bioassay-allows you to determine whether a hormone is psent in a particular tissue and/or plasma. This gives you an idea of how the hormone may act in vivo and how the effects may be modified in a dose response fashion on a particular tissue. The outcomes on hormone responses observed in mice tissue might repsent the way the drug works in man(Bulletti, 2005). An unknown concentration of a particular hormone can be devised. You can also use a bioassay to configure the biological response of an exogenous substance, and to make comparisons of the variety of effects of different substances on different tissues. 2. According to Furchgott and Zawadzki (1980) the type of cut of tissue does not matter. As long as the section is carried out carefully so that the endothelial cells remain intact. The myometrium is part of an endothelial layer that contains the receptors for oxytocin. Basically the cut does not matter; however, the receptors need to remain intact. 3. We would automatically think that in the absence of any hormones the baseline activity will be zero. However, this is not the case i.e. if the cotton string was interfered with the baseline activity may be altered. Furthermore, the baseline activity probably is not a reflection of the absence of hormones. Therefore, it is very important to obtain a baseline bioassay measurement, to establish how psence of other factors in the tissue could interfere with subsequent measurements. 4. The greater the amount of oxytocin added to the water bath the greater was the frequency. However, the amplitude sid not change. In other words a greater amount of oxytocin added to the water bath-the greater number of contractions within the uterus, although the force of the strength of the contractions was not altered. 5. To quantitate the amount of oxytocin of the unknown (the amount of oxytocin in IU per g in mice pituitary tissue) the area under the curves for each concentration (1IU, 5IU, and 10IU) added to the water bath-the unknown was calculated. The area (uterine work) was figured by printing the curves on graph paper, cutting out the curves and weighing the paper in grams and dividing the weight by the weight of a 1cm2 piece of paper to give the uterine work (area under curve (cm2)). Subsequently, the value of the uterine work for each concentration including the unknown concentration plotted on the graph. Please see graph and calculation on the next page. Calculating the area in this way was a more simple option compared to calculating the work by using the amplitudes (which did not vary considerably) and the frequency, or by counting the number of squares underneath the curves. 6. Please see graph and calculation on following page. 7/8. This assay was not specific. In regards to the uterus in mice other hormones which affect the frequency of contractions are psent. For example, PGF2a which also acts on the myometrium of the uterus works to increases the amount of contractions. Furthermore, progesterone is responsible for making uterine muscle more contractile, while estrogen and relaxin causes it to relax(Blanks and Shymgol, 2007). In a pituitary, hormones such as progestins, estrogens, androgens, which alter uterine contractility, may be found. Additionally, vasopssin is secreted by the posterior pituitary and binds to a receptor very similar to the oxytocin receptor within the uterus (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). At any one time vasopssin may bind to an oxytocin receptor stimulating the same response (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Therefore, depending on weather or not and how much of the above hormones were psent in the mice uterus and the pituitary- alters the effect of oxytocin acting alone. Also, other hormones such as prolactin, dopamine, inhibin, LH and FSH are found within the pituitary gland. 9. This bioassay was not good in terms of its specificity as mentioned in questions 7/8. However, it could be made more specific i.e. add antagonists of the hormones psent in both the uterine and pituitary tissues to the water bath except for oxytocin, or to isolate the oxytocin from the pituitary tissue first which is obtained by density gradient centrifugation of isolated pituitary tissue, subsequently adding it to the water bath. 10. Blanks, A., Shmygol, S. (2007). Myometrial function in pmaturity. Best Practice Research Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology 21: 807-819. Bulletti, C., Zieglar, D. (2005). Uterine contractility and embryo implantation. Experimental Physiology 3: 265-76. Callegari, A.E., Furguson-Gotschall, S., Gibori, G. (2005). PGF2alpha induced differential expssion of genes involved in turnover of extracellular matrix in rat decidual cells. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinolgy 3:3. Furchgott R.F, and Zawadzki J.V.(1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. Vol 288.

Israel: The Vanguard of Middle East Stability Essay -- International G

The Middle East is a power keg about to burst. There are countries in the Middle East where their national stability is in question due to various terrorist and malicious attacks while others promote the inhalation of nations. If these fuses are allowed to spark, it would lead to a cataclysmic array of international consequences including skyrocketing oil prices, increased acts of terrorism, and even WWIII. But, there is a hope to quell this situation. The country of Israel has safeguarded the complete collapse of the Middle East to violence and chaos. It is the last country standing between relative peace to Total War. But, this country will not be able to combat the dread knight of chaos forever; it needs international support. The United States has always kept a keen eye on Israel and has allowed it to continue its heavy load. Without the United States financial support, Israel will certainly collapse, and the Middle East will become as unpredictable as the shifting sands of its d eserts. Due to the crisis in the Middle East and the potential escalation to World War, America needs to continue funding to Israel. As Israel fights the hydra of destruction, it does not have to look far to see the snarling teeth of Iran. Iran, more so than any other country, has the most turbulent and fragile relationship with Israel. This shaky peace is apparent as Israel and Iran had never had formal diplomatic relations since the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 (Farrar-Wellman). This lack of communication has not only led to increased skepticism between the two countries, but also the severe hatred of each other. The sub-human perspective of Iran about Israel was expressed when current president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadi... ...ifferent regions of the world, the situation will be dramatically worse without the military power of Israel. Without Israel, the terrorists will have a safe heaven by which to stage and plan terrorist attacks across the Middle East. This increased level of attacks will lead to increased levels of instability within the other countries, and eventually lead to the overthrowing of other democracies in the region. Works Cited Brad, Mitchell. â€Å"U.S Aid to Israel.† Jewish Virtual Library. January 13, 2010 (Updated). Codedesman, Anthony H., and Nerguizian, Aram. â€Å"The Gulf Military Balance in 2010: An Overview.† Center for Strategic and International Studies. April 23, 2010. â€Å"Country Reports on Terrorism 2008.† U.S. Department of State. April 30, 2009. Chapter 2. Farrar-Wellman, Ariel. â€Å"Israel-Iran Foreign Relations.† Iran Tracker. April 8, 2010.

Explore How Black People Are Differently Treated by the Criminal Justice System Essay

Racial prejudice is not unique to modern day society, it has been with us for a long time, this has been coupled with the belief that certain racial groups are less intelligent, or backward compared to white European stock, nowhere is this more true than in the criminal justice system. In 1869 Francis Galton published a book called â€Å"Hereditary Genius† this contained a chapter called â€Å"The Comparative Worth of Different Races† which considered that black Americans were genetically inferior to white Americans. Galton stated that blacks scored on average 15 IQ points below whites. (Coleman 1987) We can see that within the field of criminal justice, and with Galton’s work considered that black people were bound to be treated differently due to a belief born out of misunderstanding of the nature of culture and individual personality differences, the hereditary argument has never been scientifically proved or disproved. The 1991 census showed that 5. 5% of the population were from an ethnic origin, with 1. 6% of these being black from an Afro-Caribbean background. It was reported that a higher amount of the ethnic minorities was of younger people than in the general population, and it can be seen that this alone could be a reason for the proportionately higher level of blacks in the criminal justice system , going on the grounds that in the indigenous population it is the younger generation, those aged 14-25 years that commit the vast majority of crime. Crime by ethnic minorities, and in particular young black males can also be seen to be a social situation, and may be a product of sheer logistics. Many new immigrant families move into what is perceived as a high crime area, particularly inner city areas, where housing may be cheaper and unemployment is higher than at a national level. These areas may receive more police attention than richer areas and therefore the new immigrant families come to the attention of the police more than those in more rural areas. xenophobia may also cause the police to over react when dealing with black families. A study by Goreman & Coleman (1982) looking at personality and attitudes within the British police force, showed that the average police constable was indeed racist. They asked in the study for police officers to write a short essay, some of the comments were vigorously racist, comments such as, â€Å"†¦ Certain members of the coloured population that l have met are OK but the majority of youths of the West Indian community are savage ignorant vicious thieving bastards†¦ â€Å", â€Å"†¦. most of them are just dirty†¦ â€Å", â€Å"†¦ over 50% of trouble is caused by niggers†¦ â€Å", â€Å"†¦ smelly backward people who will never change†¦ † (Coleman 1987). In the last 10 years most public agencies, including the police force, have formed equal opportunities policies, these apply not only to recruitment but also to the way people are treated, and is especially needed in the criminal justice system where there are disproportionately more blacks than whites in the prison system in comparison to the size of the black population in society as a whole. It was reported in 1982 that black people made up 18% of the prison population, but only accounted for 5% of the general population. The figures are worse for Afro-Caribbean males, 1% of the population, but 11% of the prison population. (Home Office 1982). During the 1980’s it became apparent that blacks were more likely to be stopped by the police. The British Crime Survey in 1988 found that 14% of Asians, 15% of whites, but 20% of Afro-Caribbean’s reported being stopped by the police in the preceding year (Skogan 1990) The British Crime Survey also reported that there was some evidence that crimes detected by the police and those reported by the public seemed to have a racial bias. Blacks and Asians also complained more than whites about the way they were treated once arrested by the police (Skogan 1990). On the subject of arrest it seems also that blacks are treated differently in this process. A survey by the PSI (Policy Studies Institute) in 1983 found that blacks were disproportionately arrested, they found that 5% of the population of London were black, but 17% of those arrested in London were black. Further studies by Walker (1988) & (1989) support these findings. Landau & Nathan (1983) reported that there is evidence to suggest that blacks will be cautioned less than whites, a white youngster is four times more likely to receive a caution than a black juvenile. Also black juveniles are more likely to be remanded in custody than whit or Asian teenagers. Walker (1988) also showed that black juveniles are twice as likely to appear at crown court than whites. A Home Office Statistical Bulletin (1986) showed that blacks in prison were more likely to have less previous convictions than white men in similar circumstances, the figure for whites was 62%, Afro-Caribbean’s 48% and for Asians 20%. The main finding from these and many other statistics is that black people are dealt with, whether as suspects, offenders or defendants, in a highly disproportionate way, it can also be seen that they are treated more harshly than their white counterparts at virtually every stage of the criminal justice process. It is therefore not surprising that black people have less faith in the police and criminal justice system than white British people. David Smith (1994) argues that the main group in society has a degree of power, seen to be unique and special in relation to religious, social and cultural traditions of the particular society, thus creating an unequal legal system that is biased against ethnic minorities. This can be seen to be the stem from which racial disparities may emerge in the British legal system and criminal process, and may explain why black people are treated differently by the criminal justice system. He (Smith) further argues that the law is a national institution and part of a national identity that is born out of centuries of tradition, and therefore unless changed does not take account of relatively recent immigration of ethnic minorities to this country. It can be argued that there are two main reasons for blacks being disproportionately represented in our criminal justice system, firstly that they commit more crime, and secondly that they are treated in a different and possibly harsher way, so as to be over represented in the criminal justice system. Research in the USA has shown that crime is in fact higher amongst blacks (Wilbanks 1987). This view has been criticised, for example by Reiner (1993) stating that to exclude external variables that effect such findings is almost impossible. Reiner (1989 & 1993) concluded that it is the way in which black people are treated differently from white people in our criminal justice system that created the disproportionate levels of minorities in the process, although he concedes that this is far from conclusive. Smith (1994) criticises Reiner for this view, believing that Reiner is contradicting himself, with little evidence, suggesting that it is treatment that cause high black representation in the criminal justice system, but stating that this may not be believed by some, and is in fact inconclusive. It is true that blacks are over represented in the criminal justice process, what is not clear is, why. Whether we like to think it or not there is still a great deal of racial prejudice in this country, and this alone feeds societies morals and thus its policing and criminal law, this prejudice and discrimination therefore makes it difficult for minorities to gain employment, especially in times of high unemployment and recession. This can lead to feelings of rejection, lack of self-esteem, poverty, lack of self-respect and insecurity. Blacks, as mentioned above, often live in the poorest areas of the cities and therefore come to the attention of the police far more than white youths, parents may also find it difficult to exercise control over their children in areas where social control is at its lowest. Whatever the reason for higher black crime, whether a statistical wrong, or innate criminality, for which there is little support, it is clear we will never get at the real reason that blacks are treated differently by the criminal justice system, too many people would have too much to lose by finding an answer. 1,407 words. REFERENCES. Coleman, A. (1987) Facts, Fallacies and Frauds in Psychology. London: Unwin Hyman. Galton, F. (1869) Hereditary Genius, an enquiry into its laws and consequences (2 ed. 1978) London: Friedmann. Coleman, A. & Goreman, L.. (1982) Conservatism, Dogmatism, and authoritarianism in British police officers. Sociology, 16, 1-11. Landau, s. & Nathan, g. (1983) Selecting Delinquents for Cautioning in the London Metropolitan Area. British Journal of Criminology. 23, (2): 128-48. Reiner, R. (1989) Chief Constables. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reiner, R. (1993) Race, Crime & Justice, Models of Interpretation. IN L, Gelsthorpe, & W, McWilliam (Ed’s) Minority Ethnic Groups and the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge: Cambridge Institute of Criminology. Skogan, W. (1990) The Police and Public in England and Wales, A British Crime Survey Report. Home Office Research Study no: 117. London: HMSO. Smith, D. (1994) Race, Crime and Criminal Justice. IN Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Maguire, M. ; Morgan, R. & Reiner, R. (Ed’s) Oxford: Claenden Press. Walker, M. (1988) The Court Disposal of Young Males by Race in London 1983. British Journal of Criminology: 28, (4) 441-59. Walker, M. (1989) The Court Disposal and remands of White, Afro-Caribbean and Asian Men(London 1983). British Journal of Criminology. 29. (4), 353-67. Wilbanks, W. (1987) The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System. USA: Brooks/Cole.

Situational Irony Research Essay Example

Situational Irony Research Essay Example Essay on Situational Irony According to Nordquist (1), situational irony involves an occasion in which the action that is envisaged has an effect which is opposite to what it was intended at. He notes that, in such cases, the outcome of the action taken is normally contrary to the expected results. This is due to the fact that the results of situational irony normally recognize the unfairness of a given incident which a person cannot typically explain using logics, but which is so obvious to those evaluating the situation. Nordquist (1) points out that situational irony primarily focuses on both the surprising and inevitable fragility of the human condition in which the results of actions taken depict the reversal of what is expected. Therefore, situational irony entails incoherence between what an individual says, believes, and does with what the actual things are. This paper narrates a situational ironic incident. The Situational Ironic Incident Mike is the only child in a family who has struggled for many years using cultural practice and medicinal intervention in order to get a child. From the onset of his conception and then birth, Mikes family regarded him as a gift from God and hence offered him better living standards. Mikes parents wanted him to be successful in life, and therefore, offered him every quality services with a view of bettering his future. However, despite his parents efforts, Mike ended up being a clown. This was largely contributed by his nature of joking around since his childhood. As Oliveri (1) pointed out, a clown refers to a cosmic performer who entertains audience by engaging jokes, antics, or tricks in a circus. Mike then became one of the best known clowns who not only loved his job, but was also good at it and, therefore, did not think of the possibility of any misfortune arising out of his job. As Oliver (1) noted, a good and professional clown not only makes audience laugh, but he or she is a renowned true performer who has many talents and whose main objective is to make people happy. Therefore, dressed in his colored wigs, stylistic makeup, and outlandish costumes, Mike would perform either physical, hysterical or scary tricks such as walking on a fine line. This would make him to be an outstanding performer who normally catches peoples emotions and transformes them into happy endings especially through exciting jokes. Event though Mikes parents disapproved his occupation, they continuously warned him to be careful with his tricks so that he would not fall victim of the actions he engages into. However, not too long after, Mikes parents received a call from the hospital noting that their only son, Mike was dead. On the way to the hospital, Mikes parents kept on calling their relatives asking if they knew of any terrible accident or murder that had occurred. They ruled out the possibility of the death to have been caused by any disease since Mikes health had not previously shown any symptom of infection. Equally, the death could not have resulted from his occupation since he was a renowned professional clown. Amazingly, on reaching the hospital, Mikes parents were surprised to find out that Mike had died from choking on a balloon. This was really ironical. Conclusion In conclusion, Mikes incident depicts a situational irony right from its beginning when he opt into an occupation which was contrary to better educational and living standards he was given. Besides, the incident is ironical because Mikes parents, who were against his occupation, still offered cautionary advices to him which is contrary to what would be expected. Moreover, it was so ironical for Mike, a professional clown with immensely talented tricks and jokes, just to die from choking on a balloon or something. Even though, the unusual nature of the circumstances surrounding Mikes incident are obvious, there is no known logical and clear understanding of their explanation.

Improve Your Memory With the Loci Method

Improve Your Memory With the Loci Method There are many theories and ideas about improving memory, including some that have been around since ancient times.   Ancient accounts show that early Greek and Roman orators used the loci method of remembering long speeches and lists. You may be able to use this method to enhance your memory at test time. The term loci refers to places or locations. To use the loci system, you will first need to think of a place or route that you can picture in your head very clearly. It can be your house, your school bus route, or any place that contains clear landmarks or rooms. For this example, we will use the thirteen original colonies as a list that we want to remember and your house as the method for remembering. The List of Colonies Includes: North CarolinaSouth CarolinaMarylandVirginiaDelawareNew HampshireNew JerseyPennsylvaniaMassachusettsConnecticutNew YorkRhode IslandGeorgia Now, picture yourself standing outside your house and begin to make connections with words on your memory list. In this case, you could make a mental note that the front of your house faces north and the back faces south. We have our beginning! North North CarolinaSouth South Carolina Your Tour Continues Imagine that you enter your house and see the coat closet. Open the closet door and note the smell. (It helps to invoke all the senses you can in this method). There you see the coat that Aunt Mary gave your mother (Maryland). The next room in this imaginary house tour is the kitchen. In this tour, you are suddenly hungry, so you go to the cupboard. All you can find is some virgin olive oil (Virginia). That wont do. You turn to the refrigerator and look inside. You know your mom just bought some new ham (New Hampshire) from the deli- but where is it? (Delaware). You manage to locate the items and assemble a sandwich. You carry it to your bedroom because you want to change into your new football jersey (New Jersey). You open the closet door and a pen falls on your head from the top shelf (Pennsylvania). Whats that doing there? you think. You turn to put the pen in your desk drawer. When you open the drawer, you see a giant mass of paper clips (Massachusetts). You grab a handful, sit down on your bed, and begin to connect them together to form a long chain (Connecticut). You realize youre still hungry. You decide you are ready for some dessert. You go back to the kitchen and look in the refrigerator again. You know youll find some leftover New York cheesecake from yesterday (New York). Its gone! Your little brother must have finished it off! (Note the shock and anger.) You turn to the freezer. There are two types of ice cream. Rocky Road (Rhode Island) or Georgia Peach (Georgia). You eat both. Now look over the list of states again, and think about the place association for each one. It wont be long before you can recite the list of states easily. This method can be used for remembering a list of objects or a list of events. All you need is keywords and associations for them. It may help you to come up with funny things that occur along your path. Emotion and sensory experiences will reinforce the information and enhance the exercise.

Cinema Manager Induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cinema Manager Induction - Essay Example Also ensuring the workers and management practices conform to a variety of regulations. Other behavior comprises managing the approach to employee benefits and recompense, employee records and personnel policies. These policies are frequently in the form employee manuals, which all employees ought to have (Clark, 2002). HRM can also be helpful because managing people well may pressure so lots of outcomes in an organisation, such as productivity, output, employee participation and investor return, these are all significant to the stakeholders, organisation itself, employees, stockholders, customers and society. Star Cinema Ltd has over 16 theater sites in the U.K. and has more than 1500 employees. The company is looking to expand its business from January 2005 when it acquires more building sites. This will mean employing additional labour in the region of 120 to 130 people. An induction suggestion has been shaped for Entertainment Media Ltd. An induction is an tremendously significant part of the process as it assist to raise issues on health and safety. Statistically additional accidents occur with new employees and this joint with the dangers inside the building industry means it is areas which have to be completely addressed (Fitz-enz, J., 2004). Each novel staff member has dissimilar, and occasionally unique, induction needs. This may be due to individual factors or preceding experience factors. It is so significant that every new staff member's induction programmed be tailored to get together their person needs. It also means that it is not possible to expect or lodge each require, so individuals have to recognise that they have liability for their own induction programmes (Fitz-enz, J., 2000). Study of Cinema The reading of cinema at the university level has turn out to be ever more central in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australasia, located in a number of disciplines such as the history of art, languages and literatures, communications, and up-and-coming work on the histories of accumulation technologies (film among them). At the same time, approaches to film studies which have taken their cue from fictional analyses (formalism, semiotics, auteur, and type theory) have lately seen the challenge of latest intellectual work in the form of "cultural studies," an umbrella word for a crowd of imbricate dangerous projects such as feminism, surprising theory, race studies, post structuralisms, and materialist analyses. This come across, of film studies and cultural studies, is the theme of this collection of essays concerning cinema, by the questions of cultural studies at the forefront (Robbins, S.P.; 2004). This impression demonstrates the wide variety of optimistic impacts local cinemas have on their communities. The sites foster a sense of place and give a center for the local community, whilst ornamental local educational life from side to side the provision of mainstream and/or

Argument papers for ( dolphin slaughter) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument papers for ( dolphin slaughter) - Essay Example Dolphin slaughter returns for different reasons like money or food. And some Japanese do it for traditional reasons. With all respect to Japanese people and their culture, dolphin slaughters must be stopped; because humans are not the only smart beings in the world and human cannot decide who should live or who should die. And smart animals like dolphins deserve to live in peace. Additionally, killing dolphins yearly will eventually lead to extinction of dolphins. Humans are not the only smart beings in the world and human cannot decide who should live or who should die. Dolphins are smart. They are able to train and retain memory, and deep skive in waters without having gas embolism. The dolphins are able to follow gestures and voices and have a high learning ability. When moving around in the environment, the dolphins use ultrasounds to detect any disturbance. When on long distance, the dolphins use electromagnetic fields, to detect the path of movement. Dolphins have a big brain, about 1.7kgs. This size of the brain is compared to elephants. The difference is that for elephants, the intelligence capacity is lower than that of human beings. The brain of a dolphin is not only big, but also complex in its orientation. They have the ability to move in all directions whenever they sense danger, and are fast swimmers. This fast swimming ability helps them move very fast to and catch prey while maintaining a timely sensorial system. Their strong auditory development makes them smart since they can perceive large sound spectra, some which cannot be detected by human beings. Dolphins cannot go to sleep fully in water since they will suffocate. They have developed a way of letting a half of their brain to sleep. This is an intelligent way of adapting to the environment. They learn their environment very fast and when asleep, they can either stay at the top of water, or inside shallow water and alternatively breathe slowly and get